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GNDU Most Repeated (Important) Questions
B.A. 3rd Semester
POLITICAL SCIENCE (Indian Constitution)
Based on 4-Year GNDU Question Paper Trend (2021–2024)
Must-Prepare Questions (80–100% Probability)
SECTION–A (Historical & Structural Features of Indian Constitution)
1. Historical Development of Indian Constitution / Since 1857
Appeared in: 2023 (Q1), 2024 (Q1)
Probability for 2025: (100%)
2. Nature and Objectives of Indian Political System as per Preamble
Appeared in: 2022 (Q2), 2024 (Q2)
Probability for 2025: (100%)
3. Federal Features of Indian Constitution
Appeared in: 2022 (Q1)
Probability for 2025: (90%)
2025 Smart Prediction Table
(Based on GNDU 2021–2024 Trend)
No.
Question Topic
Years
Appeared
Probability for 2025
1
Historical Development of Indian
Constitution
2023, 2024
(100%)
2
Nature & Objectives of Indian Political
System
2022, 2024
(100%)
3
Fundamental Rights – Meaning & Types
2021, 2022,
2024
(100%)
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2025 GUARANTEED QUESTIONS (100% Appearance Trend)
Top 10 Must-Prepare Topics
1. Historical Development of Indian Constitution
2. Nature & Objectives of Indian Political System as per Preamble
3. Fundamental Rights – Meaning & Types
GNDU Most Repeated (Important) Answers
B.A. 3rd Semester
POLITICAL SCIENCE (Indian Constitution)
Based on 4-Year GNDU Question Paper Trend (2021–2024)
Must-Prepare Questions (80–100% Probability)
SECTION–A (Historical & Structural Features of Indian Constitution)
1. Historical Development of Indian Constitution / Since 1857
Appeared in: 2023 (Q1), 2024 (Q1)
Probability for 2025: (100%)
Ans: Imagine India as a grand, ancient garden—diverse, rich, and full of potential—but
for centuries, it was under the watchful eyes of foreign rulers, and the seeds of self-rule
were only just beginning to sprout. The story of India’s Constitution is like the story of
this garden: a long process of nurturing ideas, facing challenges, experimenting, and
eventually creating a structure that could guide its growth.
The Early Sparks: 1857 and Its Aftermath
The journey begins in 1857, a year etched in history. The first major revolt against British
rule—known as the Revolt of 1857 or the Sepoy Mutiny—shook the foundations of
British India. Though the revolt was brutally suppressed, it marked a crucial turning
point. The British realized that India could no longer be governed solely by force; some
form of consultation and limited participation was necessary to maintain control.
This led to the Government of India Act 1858, which transferred power from the East
India Company directly to the British Crown. The British established the office of the
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Viceroy, and administrative reforms began. While this was far from democracy, it was a
step toward structured governance, laying the groundwork for the future.
The revolt also awakened Indian leaders and intellectuals to the importance of political
representation. The early debates on governance, rights, and duties of citizens started in
small chambers, newspapers, and social gatherings. This was the first seed of
constitutional thinking.
The Age of Reforms: 1861–1919
Over the next several decades, the British introduced a series of legislative reforms to
gradually involve Indians in governance—though always carefully controlled. In 1861,
the Indian Councils Act was passed. It allowed a few Indians to be part of legislative
councils, though their role was advisory, not decisive. Think of it as letting a few
gardeners offer opinions while the head gardener still made all major decisions.
Later, in 1892, the Councils Act expanded the number of Indian members and allowed
limited discussion of budgets. By the early 20th century, the demand for greater Indian
representation had grown louder, especially with the rise of political organizations like
the Indian National Congress (INC) in 1885.
The British also introduced the Morley-Minto Reforms of 1909, which allowed Indians
to vote in limited elections and created separate electorates for Muslims. While
controversial, this was an important development: for the first time, communal
representation entered the political process, influencing future constitutional debates.
The Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms of 1919 were even more significant. They introduced
dyarchy in provinces—splitting power between elected Indian ministers and British
officials. Indians could now control certain “transferred subjects” like education and
health, while the British retained “reserved subjects” such as law and order. This was a
small but crucial experiment in self-rule and constitutional governance.
The Struggle Intensifies: 1920–1935
During this period, the Indian freedom movement gained tremendous momentum
under leaders like Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, and Subhas Chandra Bose.
Constitutional reforms were no longer abstract debates—they became tools of
negotiation and struggle.
In 1935, the British passed the Government of India Act 1935, a landmark legislation
that influenced the future Indian Constitution directly. It proposed:
1. Provincial autonomy – provinces could govern themselves in most matters.
2. Bicameral legislatures – the beginning of parliamentary democracy structures.
3. Federal structure – a center with certain powers and provinces with others.
4. Adult franchise in limited form – the right to vote for more Indians.
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The Act was ambitious but imperfect. It attempted to balance the British need for
control with Indian aspirations for self-rule. Although not fully democratic, it provided a
structural blueprint for what the Indian Constitution would later adopt and improve.
The Road to Independence: 1935–1947
As the world approached World War II, India’s freedom struggle intensified. The INC,
initially participating in provincial governments, resigned in 1939 to protest British war
policies. This period also witnessed growing communal tensions between Hindus and
Muslims, which would later influence the constitutional debates on minority rights and
safeguards.
Parallel to political negotiations, visionary leaders and thinkers started imagining India’s
post-independence governance. Figures like B.R. Ambedkar, Jawaharlal Nehru, Sardar
Patel, and Rajendra Prasad studied constitutions around the world—like the United
States, Britain, Ireland, and Canada—and began drafting ideas suited to India’s unique
social, cultural, and economic context. These ideas were nurtured even before
independence, reflecting a deep commitment to justice, equality, and democracy.
Constituent Assembly and the Making of the Constitution
In 1946, the Constituent Assembly of India was formed, consisting of elected
representatives from provinces and princely states. This Assembly became the crucible
where India’s future was debated, tested, and finally crafted. The Assembly had four
main tasks:
1. To frame a Constitution for independent India.
2. To decide the form of government (unitary, federal, parliamentary, etc.).
3. To define the relationship between the center and states.
4. To establish rights, duties, and freedoms of citizens.
The Assembly was a microcosm of India itself: diverse in religion, language, and
ideology. There were fiery debates on issues like fundamental rights, minority
protections, official languages, and the abolition of untouchability. Leaders like
Ambedkar championed social justice, while Nehru emphasized democracy and
secularism.
The drafting process, which began in December 1946, lasted almost three years. It
involved careful study of other constitutions, multiple committee reports, and heated
discussions to ensure every section reflected India’s realities and aspirations. Ambedkar,
as the Chairman of the Drafting Committee, became the architect who balanced
visionary ideas with practical governance needs.
Adoption and Legacy: 1950 Onwards
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Finally, on 26th November 1949, the Indian Constitution was adopted by the
Constituent Assembly, and it came into effect on 26th January 1950, marking the birth
of the Republic of India. This date was symbolic, chosen to honor the Purna Swaraj
Declaration of 1930, which demanded complete independence.
The Constitution established:
1. A parliamentary system inspired by Britain.
2. Fundamental Rights protecting citizens’ liberties.
3. Directive Principles of State Policy guiding social and economic development.
4. Federal structure with a strong center, balancing unity and diversity.
5. Independent judiciary, ensuring rule of law and justice.
This was the culmination of almost a century of political struggle, intellectual effort, and
social reform movements. It was not just a legal document but a promise—a promise
that India would govern itself through equality, justice, and democracy.
A Living Document: Amendments and Adaptations
Even after 1950, the Constitution has continued to evolve. Amendments have addressed
social reforms, economic changes, and political challenges. Landmark changes like the
42nd Amendment (1976), the 73rd and 74th Amendments (1992) for local governance,
and the 104th Amendment (2019) reflect its adaptability. In this sense, the Constitution
is like a living garden, capable of growing, expanding, and nurturing new generations
while staying rooted in its original ideals.
Conclusion: The Journey as a Story
If we look back, the historical development of the Indian Constitution is not just a
sequence of laws and reforms—it is the story of India itself. It begins with struggle,
grows through negotiation and debate, and finally blossoms into a democratic, inclusive,
and diverse framework for governance. From the first sparks of 1857 to the grandeur of
the Constitution in 1950, every step represents courage, wisdom, and the vision of
leaders who dared to imagine a free India.
In this story, the Constitution is more than a document—it is the embodiment of India’s
journey toward freedom, justice, and equality. And just like a garden needs continuous
care, the Constitution continues to guide India, ensuring that the seeds of democracy
sown over a century ago continue to flourish.
2. Nature and Objectives of Indian Political System as per Preamble
Appeared in: 2022 (Q2), 2024 (Q2)
Probability for 2025: (100%)
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Ans: Imagine waking up in the early morning in a bustling town somewhere in India. The
streets are alive with the chatter of neighbors, the calls of street vendors, and the sound
of children rushing to school. Amidst all this chaos, there’s an underlying rhythm—a
sense of order, of rules, and of shared understanding about how people live together.
That rhythm, that invisible force guiding society, is nothing but the political system of
India. But what exactly is it, and what principles does it follow? To answer this, we need
to explore the Indian political system through the lens of the Preamble of the
Constitution, which is like the heartbeat of the nation.
The Nature of the Indian Political System
To understand India’s political system, imagine it as a tree. The roots are the principles
enshrined in the Constitution, the trunk is the structure of government, and the
branches and leaves are the policies, laws, and actions that touch every citizen. The
Preamble, written in simple yet profound language, gives us insight into the nature of
this tree, telling us what kind of country India aims to be.
1. Sovereign Nature:
The first word in the Preamble, Sovereign, is like the foundation stone of our
house. It tells us that India is an independent country, free from external control.
The government makes decisions without interference from any foreign power.
Think of it as a parent making decisions for their family without outsiders
dictating what happens at home. Sovereignty ensures that India can determine
its policies, economy, and international relations independently.
2. Socialist Character:
Next, India is described as Socialist. Now, this doesn’t mean that everything is
owned by the government like in some countries. Rather, it emphasizes equity
and justice in the distribution of wealth. Imagine a village where resources like
water and food are shared fairly so that no one starves while others have plenty.
The Indian political system seeks to reduce inequality, ensure that the
marginalized are protected, and create opportunities for all. Socialism in India is
about social justice, not about complete government control.
3. Secular Identity:
Secular is a word that tells us everyone’s beliefs are respected. Imagine a
marketplace where different foods, religions, and festivals coexist. No religion is
forced on anyone, and the state treats all religions equally. In India, the political
system ensures freedom of belief while maintaining harmony among various
communities. Secularism is like a bridge that connects people of diverse faiths,
preventing conflict and promoting unity.
4. Democratic Essence:
The Preamble calls India a Democratic Republic. Democracy is like a large
classroom where every student has a voice. Citizens participate in decision-
making, vote for leaders, and hold them accountable. But India is not just
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democratic in theory; it is a republic, which means the head of the state is
elected, not a monarch. This ensures that power rests with the people, not
inherited by birthright. Democracy in India is representative, meaning we choose
leaders to act on our behalf in Parliament, State Assemblies, and local
governments.
5. Republican Nature:
Expanding on democracy, India is also republican, which ensures that there is no
hereditary ruler. The head of the country, the President, is chosen by an elected
process, reflecting the people’s will. This protects citizens from authoritarianism
and guarantees equality at the highest level of leadership. A republic is like a
school where the principal is selected based on merit and choice, not simply
because they are related to the founder.
6. Parliamentary System:
Another crucial aspect of the Indian political system is its parliamentary system,
inherited from the British model but adapted to Indian realities. It divides powers
between the legislature (law-making), the executive (law implementation), and
the judiciary (law interpretation). Each has its role, but all are accountable to the
people. Imagine a theater where actors, directors, and stage crew must
collaborate to put on a perfect show. If one fails, the audience notices. Similarly,
India’s political system ensures checks and balances.
Objectives of the Indian Political System (as per the Preamble)
The Preamble is not just descriptive; it sets goals for the political system. It is a promise
to citizens about the kind of society they are building. Let’s explore these objectives like
chapters in a story:
1. Justice – Social, Economic, and Political:
Imagine walking through a market where fairness is respected. In India, justice
means three things:
o Social Justice: No discrimination based on caste, religion, gender, or
community. Everyone should feel included.
o Economic Justice: Fair distribution of wealth, opportunities, and resources
so no one is left behind.
o Political Justice: Equal participation in political processes. Every vote
counts, and every citizen can engage in governance.
Justice is the guiding principle that ensures citizens feel safe, respected, and valued.
2. Liberty – of Thought, Expression, Belief, Faith, and Worship:
Liberty is like the open sky under which all birds can fly freely. The Preamble
guarantees freedom of thought, speech, belief, and worship. Citizens can express
their opinions, write, speak, and practice religion freely, without fear of
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persecution. This liberty is not absolute; it is balanced by the interests of the
community and the country. It allows diversity and pluralism to thrive.
3. Equality – of Status and Opportunity:
Equality ensures that every individual, whether rich or poor, urban or rural, male
or female, has the same legal rights and opportunities. Imagine a race where
everyone starts from the same line. Equality is the political system’s way of
leveling the playing field so that merit, not birth, determines success. The Indian
political system emphasizes affirmative action to uplift marginalized sections,
reflecting this principle.
4. Fraternity – Assuring Dignity of the Individual and Unity of the Nation:
Fraternity is like the glue that binds the leaves, branches, and trunk of our tree
together. It ensures national integration and brotherhood. It promotes respect
among individuals, communities, and states, fostering unity. Even with cultural,
linguistic, and religious diversity, fraternity reminds citizens that they belong to
one nation. The Indian political system, through laws, policies, and civic
education, nurtures this spirit.
How the Indian Political System Achieves These Objectives
The Preamble is a dream, but the Constitution translates it into reality through a
structured political system:
1. Constitutional Framework:
The Indian Constitution provides the blueprint. Articles, schedules, and
amendments guide how governance occurs. Think of it as a recipe book where
every ingredient and step is outlined. The Constitution protects rights, defines
duties, and establishes institutions to achieve the Preamble’s objectives.
2. Federal Structure:
India has a federal system, distributing powers between the Union and the
States. This allows local needs to be met while maintaining national unity.
Imagine a team playing cricket—each player has a role, but together they aim to
win the match. States manage local affairs, but national issues are handled at the
center.
3. Democratic Processes:
Elections, representation, and citizen participation are crucial. By voting, citizens
directly influence government formation and policy-making. Democracy allows
the political system to remain dynamic, adapting to people’s aspirations while
upholding the objectives of justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity.
4. Rule of Law:
The political system operates on the rule of law, meaning every individual and
authority is bound by law. There is no arbitrary power. This ensures justice and
equality. Imagine a referee in a game—rules must be followed, otherwise
fairness collapses.
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5. Independent Judiciary:
Courts protect rights and settle disputes. By interpreting the Constitution, the
judiciary ensures that laws and policies align with the Preamble’s vision. If
injustice occurs, citizens can approach the courts for redress.
6. Protection of Fundamental Rights:
The political system guarantees freedoms like speech, religion, and equality
before law. These rights are directly linked to the Preamble’s objectives,
providing the legal machinery to protect liberty and justice.
7. Directive Principles of State Policy:
These are like guiding stars for the government, aimed at achieving social and
economic objectives, including reducing inequality and improving living
standards. They reflect the socialist and welfare-oriented nature of India’s
political system.
A Story Within a Story: Citizens and the Political System
Imagine a small town in India again. Rani, a school teacher, wakes up every day with
confidence because she knows her rights are protected. Her neighbor, Ahmed, runs a
shop and is free to practice his religion without fear. Young students in the town can
dream of becoming doctors, engineers, or politicians because opportunities are more
equitable. Elections are approaching, and citizens discuss candidates and policies openly.
No one fears discrimination or oppression. All of this is possible because the Indian
political system, guided by the Preamble, ensures justice, liberty, equality, and
fraternity.
This story is repeated across millions of towns and villages. It shows that the political
system is not just about laws or leaders—it is about people, their rights, their
aspirations, and their dignity. The Preamble is a promise, and the political system is the
mechanism to fulfill that promise.
Conclusion: The Preamble as a Guiding Light
In essence, the nature and objectives of the Indian political system as per the Preamble
can be summarized as follows:
• Nature: Sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic, republic with a parliamentary
framework.
• Objectives: Justice (social, economic, political), liberty (of thought, expression,
belief), equality (of status and opportunity), and fraternity (assuring dignity and
unity).
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Like a compass, the Preamble guides India’s political journey, ensuring that governance
is for the people, by the people, and of the people. It transforms abstract ideals into
concrete policies, laws, and institutions. Understanding it is like reading the soul of the
nation—a nation that dreams of fairness, freedom, and unity amidst diversity.
By viewing the political system as a living, breathing entity shaped by the Preamble,
students can appreciate its depth and relevance in everyday life. The story of India’s
political system is ongoing, with citizens actively participating to shape a future aligned
with the timeless ideals of justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity.
3. Federal Features of Indian Constitution
Appeared in: 2022 (Q1)
Probability for 2025: (90%)
Ans; Imagine India as a grand, enormous mansion. This mansion is not just any ordinary
house—it is a vibrant, bustling home where people of different cultures, languages,
religions, and traditions live together under one roof. Now, in such a mansion, you can’t
have a single person making all the rules because each room has its own unique needs.
The kitchen has different requirements than the study room, the garden needs different
care than the living room, and the bedrooms have their own preferences. To manage
this, the mansion’s owner decides to have a system where each room gets to manage
some of its own affairs, but the house as a whole also needs certain rules to keep the
mansion running smoothly.
This is exactly how the Indian Constitution works—it is like a well-thought-out blueprint
for managing a complex mansion called India. And at the heart of this blueprint is
something called federalism, which is about dividing powers between the center (the
“house owner”) and the states (the “rooms”) so that everyone can coexist peacefully
and efficiently. Let’s explore the federal features of the Indian Constitution in this story-
like manner.
1. Division of Powers: A Map for Harmony
Imagine you’re looking at a giant map of the mansion, showing all the rooms. Each room
has specific responsibilities. In India, the Constitution provides a similar map called the
"Seventh Schedule", which lists out who controls what. The powers are divided into
three categories:
1. Union List (Central Powers): These are like the common areas of the mansion—
the hallways, the main doors, the electric wiring. Only the center (Central
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Government) can make rules for these areas. Examples include defense, foreign
affairs, currency, and railways.
2. State List (State Powers): These are like the private rooms—bedrooms,
bathrooms, and the garden. The state governments manage these areas. They
handle matters such as police, public health, agriculture, and local transport.
3. Concurrent List (Shared Powers): Some things affect both the entire mansion
and individual rooms, like fire safety and environmental protection. These are
shared responsibilities, and both the center and states can make laws on these
subjects.
This division ensures that no single authority becomes too powerful and that each part
of the mansion can take care of its own needs. In federal terms, this is a core feature—
the clear division of powers between the center and the states.
2. Written Constitution: The Mansion’s Blueprint
Now, imagine if the mansion had no blueprint. How would anyone know which room
should do what? Chaos! Some rooms might try to manage the garden; others might
interfere with the hallways. India avoids this problem because it has a written
Constitution, like a master blueprint of the house, laying down rules for both the center
and the states.
This written Constitution ensures that everyone knows their roles and responsibilities,
leaving little room for confusion. If a dispute arises between the center and a state—say,
who gets to decide on water distribution—the Constitution itself provides a mechanism
to resolve it. This is another federal feature: the supremacy of a written constitution
that clearly defines the powers of each level of government.
3. Supremacy of the Constitution: The Mansion’s Owner’s Rule
Every mansion has an ultimate authority—the owner. In India, the Constitution is the
supreme authority. Even the central and state governments must follow it. No law or
decision can go against it. Think of it like a golden rule in the mansion: “No room can
break the main house rules, no matter how important it thinks it is.”
This ensures harmony and prevents conflicts from turning chaotic. For example, if a
state tries to make a law on defense (which is central territory), the Constitution will say,
“Stop! Only the center can handle this.”
4. Bicameral Legislature: Two Houses, One Mansion Council
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Imagine the mansion has a council of representatives to make rules. To ensure fair
representation, the mansion owner creates two types of councils:
• One council represents the whole mansion equally (like the central government),
• Another council represents individual rooms (like the states).
In India, this is reflected in the bicameral Parliament:
1. Lok Sabha (House of the People): Represents the people directly. Decisions here
reflect the will of the citizens across the country.
2. Rajya Sabha (Council of States): Represents the states. It ensures that the states’
voices are heard at the center.
This structure is federal in nature because it balances the interests of the whole country
with those of individual states, just like balancing the needs of the common hallways
and private rooms in the mansion.
5. Rigid Constitution: Protecting the Mansion
Some things in a mansion are too important to be changed on a whim—like the
foundation, walls, and electricity. Similarly, India has a rigid Constitution, meaning
certain parts of it cannot be amended easily.
To change the federal structure, both the Parliament and the states must agree. For
example, if you want to change the division of powers between the center and states,
the Constitution requires the approval of a majority of states along with Parliament. This
ensures that neither the center nor any single state can unilaterally alter the federal
balance, just like ensuring that a room can’t take down a wall without consulting the
owner.
6. Independent Judiciary: The Mansion’s Dispute Resolver
Even in the best-run mansion, disputes can arise. Maybe the kitchen complains that the
living room is using too much electricity. Who resolves this? In India, the Supreme Court
acts as the federal umpire.
The judiciary has the authority to interpret the Constitution and settle disputes between
the center and the states. For example, if there’s a conflict over water sharing between
two states, the Supreme Court steps in. This independence of the judiciary is a federal
feature because it ensures that laws are enforced fairly and that neither the center nor
the states overstep their boundaries.
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7. Dual Government System: Two Layers, One Mansion
In our mansion, each room has its own manager, but there’s also a central manager for
the entire house. India follows a dual system of government—both the central and
state governments function independently within their spheres.
• Central Government: Handles national issues, foreign policy, defense, national
highways, etc.
• State Governments: Handle local issues, health, education, agriculture, and state
police.
This duality ensures efficiency. Rooms can focus on their own problems while the central
authority manages larger issues. It’s a perfect federal balance, ensuring no overreach by
either layer.
8. Equality of States: Every Room Matters
Imagine if some rooms in the mansion were given more privileges than others. That
would create resentment, right? India ensures that all states are equal in terms of
powers, even though their sizes and populations differ.
The Rajya Sabha gives equal representation to states in the federal council, so small
states aren’t ignored. Even in decision-making, the Constitution guarantees that all
states have a voice in matters that affect them. This equality is another hallmark of
federalism.
9. Flexibility with Unity: Managing Diversity
India is not a uniform mansion; it’s more like a mansion with different floors, each
decorated uniquely, reflecting its culture and traditions. To accommodate this diversity,
the Constitution allows some flexibility.
For example:
• Some states have special provisions, like Jammu & Kashmir once did under
Article 370 (now repealed).
• Northeast states have special autonomy to preserve local customs and
administration.
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This flexibility ensures unity without enforcing uniformity, just like allowing each room
to decorate according to its taste while following overall mansion rules.
10. Financial Federalism: Managing Mansion Resources
Running a mansion requires money. Who pays for what? In India, financial powers are
divided.
• The center collects taxes on income, customs, and excise.
• States collect taxes on property, sales, and agriculture.
• The center shares funds with the states through grants-in-aid, ensuring every
room has enough resources for its needs.
This financial federalism ensures that states can function independently while staying
part of a united India.
11. Emergency Provisions: When the Mansion Faces Crisis
Sometimes, even a well-managed mansion faces emergencies—a fire breaks out, or a
flood damages rooms. The Indian Constitution has emergency provisions (Articles 352–
360) that allow the center to step in temporarily to restore order.
• National emergency: Entire country affected (like a fire spreading across the
mansion).
• State emergency: Only one or more rooms affected.
Even during emergencies, the Constitution ensures that the balance of powers is
restored once the crisis is over. This shows that federalism in India is flexible, adaptable,
and designed to withstand challenges.
Conclusion: The Indian Mansion of Federalism
So, if we return to our mansion story, India’s federal system ensures that:
• Each room (state) can manage its own affairs.
• The owner (center) maintains overall unity.
• All rooms are equal and respected.
• Disputes are resolved fairly through an impartial umpire (Supreme Court).
• Resources are shared wisely, and emergencies are managed efficiently.
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In other words, India’s Constitution combines the strength of unity with the beauty of
diversity. Its federal features—division of powers, dual government, written and rigid
Constitution, independent judiciary, equality of states, financial federalism, and
emergency provisions—work together to ensure harmony in a country that is as diverse
as the colors in a rainbow.
India is not just a country; it’s a mansion where federalism is the invisible thread holding
everything together, allowing each room to thrive while maintaining the integrity of the
whole house. And that, dear student, is the magic of the federal features of the Indian
Constitution
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